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A2 · ⑤ Present perfect
Present perfect vs past simple
La scelta più difficile dell'inglese — e l'unica regola meccanica che la risolve.
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01 · Prima pagina · come decidere, frase per frase
La scelta
1
La frase dice QUANDO, con un tempo concluso? (yesterday, last week, in 2019, ago, when I was a child)
sì → past simple — sempre, senza eccezioni
no → continua a scendere
2
Il periodo di tempo è ancora aperto? (today, this week, this year, ever, never, so far)
sì → present perfect
no → continua a scendere
3
Stai chiedendo o raccontando un'esperienza, senza un momento preciso? (Have you ever…, I've never…)
sì → present perfect
no → continua a scendere
4
L'azione passata spiega una situazione vera ADESSO? (I've lost my keys — so I can't get in)
sì → present perfect
no → continua a scendere
5
È cominciata nel passato e dura ancora? (for two years, since 2020)
sì → present perfect
no → past simple: è un evento concluso
: . : . — , .
: : , , . (, ), — .
: : , , 2019, . : . .
- .
- 2019.
- .
- .
- 2020.
| Quale tempo verbale, e perché | ||
|---|---|---|
| Espressione di tempo | Tempo verbale | Perché |
| yesterday, last week, in 2019, ago | past simple | the period is closed |
| when I was a child, then | past simple | the period is closed |
| today, this week, this month | present perfect | the period is still open |
| ever, never, so far, up to now | present perfect | no particular time, whole life |
| just, already, yet | present perfect | the result matters now |
| for two years, since 2020 | present perfect | it started then and still goes on |
Regola d'oro
, . , — , . . .
…? , . : ? — , 2018. , . : .
02 · Seconda pagina · a che cosa serve ciascun tempo
Gli usi
Esperienza
. , .
I have been to Japan.Have you ever eaten sushi?She has never flown.
Risultato adesso
. «…» .
I've lost my keys.He's broken his leg.They've gone home.
Ancora in corso
. .
I've worked here for six years.We've known each other since school.
Periodo aperto
: , , .
I've drunk three coffees today.She's called twice this morning.
Un momento chiuso
.
I saw him yesterday.We moved here in 2020.She called an hour ago.
Un racconto
, .
I got up, had breakfast and left.
Una vita conclusa
, .
Shakespeare wrote 37 plays.not: Shakespeare has written…
When did…?
: .
When did you arrive?not: When have you arrived?
for e since · been e gone
, . : , , . : 2020, , . « », ; « », . : , .
🇮🇹 Italiano
, « » — : « ». . : , .
Ho visto Marco ieri. → I saw Marco yesterday.
🌍 Per tutti
«» «» , . : , .
da due anni / od dwóch lat → for two years
. , : ? — . , .
I have seen him yesterday. → I saw him yesterday.
: . .
When have you arrived? → When did you arrive?
, .
I live here since 2020. → I have lived here since 2020.
: , .
I have worked here since two years. → I have worked here for two years.
; .
Do you have finished? → Have you finished?
: .
He has went home. → He has gone home.
, : , , .
She has been to Paris, she is there now. → She has gone to Paris, she is there now.
; .
- — ? — , .
- .
- , .
- .
03 · Terza pagina · adesso tocca a te
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